Requests for Proposals

Maine TREE is seeking proposals to complete a post-harvest 100% tree inventory at Holt Research Forest (HRF). This effort will contribute to a repository of long-term ecological monitoring on-site, serving both regional landowners and the scientific community. Since the establishment of HRF in 1983, five 100% tree inventories of the study area have been completed. The last 100% timber inventory was completed in 2020, before a timber harvest at Holt Research Forest that same year. This post-harvest inventory will contribute to analysis of harvest impact.

Proposals are due on May 29 to [email protected]. Please direct questions to the same. Find complete requirements to the right.

Study Area

Grid System

A grid system has been superimposed over the Holt Research Forest. The entire property is divided into 1-hectare “blocks.” The main study area consists of a central 40-ha (about 100 acres) area between Old Stage Road and the Back River to the east.

Within the study area, the blocks are further subdivided into 0.25 ha “quadrats” and 0.0625 ha “subquadrats.” The grid system provides excellent ground resolution as a “known” point at most 25 meters away.

Harvest Design

1987-88

Within the 120 hectare (300 acre) Holt Research Forest, we selected a 40 hectare (100 acre) study area. The study area is located on the eastern half of the property, between Old Stage Road to the west and the Back River to the east. We divided the study area into 40 one-hectare (0.4 acre) blocks, then subdivided each block resulting in 160 50×50 meter quadrats, and 640 25×25 meter subquadrats. We bisected the study area along a north-south line into a “managed” half on the west and a “control” half on the east. We also established “buffer” blocks around the study area.

In the winter of 1987-88, we randomly selected and harvested 10 of the 1-ha blocks on the managed side. This harvest removed 44% of the basal area, including many large, poorly formed trees. It created openings in the canopy–harvest gaps–to release advanced regeneration and encourage new regeneration, thereby adding a new age class the forest. See Research – Forest Canopy Gaps for more details.

Thus we were on our way to meeting our forest management objectives to

  • increase structural habitat diversity by adding a new vertical layer of vegetation, and
  • arrive at a more balanced age-class distribution to generate an even flow of forest products over time.

We believed that the small gap sizes minimized the loss of near-term aesthetic appeal while enhancing the beauty of the forest over the long run. Subsequent monitoring and research on both the managed and control sides is giving us data to interpret the effects of forest management on various ecosystem components.

Methods & Findings

Land Use
Arbutus

Composition and structure of forest ecosystems are associated with physical factors (e.g., moisture, nutrients, and light) and biological factors (e.g., competition between plants and consumption by animals). Disturbances affect plants by altering physical and biological factors, but we often fail to appreciate how long these disturbances continue to influence the ecosystem. Sometimes our only clue to past disturbances may come from characteristics of the forest itself, long after visible signs of the disturbance have faded.

White Pine – Pinus strobus

The land-use history of the Holt Research Forest is a case in point. It is bisected by a former property line that separated the “North Farm” from the “South Farm”. The farms differed in many respects, including the amount of land cleared for agriculture and cut for forest products, and the date of farm abandonment. This is reflected by composition and structure of the forest vegetation on either side of the line. For example, spinulose woodfern is far more abundant in the understory of the north, whereas trailing arbutus primarily occurs in the south. See Moore and Witham article published in Environmental History.

Red oak – Quercus rubra

The historical development of two forest stands on either side of the line differed. In the northern stand, much of the white pine has big-limbed structure and wide early growth rings indicating that they were established under open conditions. They reached breast height (130 cm) from 1910 to 1930, while the red oak in this stand did not reach breast height until the 1940s. In contrast, the pines and oaks in the southern stand established more or less together between 1910 and 1930. In both stands, periods of light cutting are indicated by abrupt increases in radial growth. Historical census and tax data point to the North Farm being agriculturally (livestock and crops) active into the 1930s. This same data shows the South Farm with few animals and minimal agricultural production but owners with wood processing equipment such as portable shingle mills. This demonstrates that the majority of this property was historically a woodlot. What we observe today reflects these distinct land uses.

This air photo from 1940 illustrates the condition of the property with forest and agricultural lands visible. Yellow lines indicate the current property lines, black lines outline the study area, blue lines indicate ephemeral streams, and red dots are the location of old foundations. A distinct east/west property line is visible in the middle of the study area, this line still remains visible in photos today.

Forest Stand Structure and Composition

The Holt Research Forest study area comprises 38 stands 51% mixed stands growing on mesic soil, 10% mixed xeric, 8% deciduous mesic, 17% coniferous mesic, and 14% coniferous xeric. We have done three 100% inventories of the study area for all trees with dbh > 10cm (4in): pre-harvest (1984), immediate post-harvest (1988), and 8 years post-harvest (1996). Principal tree species, in order of both trees per hectare and total stand basal area, are eastern white pine, red maple, northern red oak, and red spruce. For a study area view of tree species abundance and basal area by hectare follow this link to a species distribution data map.

The winter 1987-88 harvest removed 44% of the basal area in the harvested 1-ha blocks. Volume and relative abundance of the large, rough white pines decreased from 44% to 38% of merchantable volume. Relative abundance red oak increased from 16% to 22% of cords/acre. The total volume removed was 210 cords of firewood, 304 cords of pulpwood, and 117 mbf of sawlogs. Between 1988 and 1996, all tree species gained in volume except the “other” softwood group in the control blocks. The latter suffered enough mortality over the eight years that it had a negative annual growth rate (-3% in cords/acre and -5% in board feet/acre). In contrast, red maple and red oak are grew at slightly over 6% annually in board feet /acre in the harvested blocks.

The sustainability of managed forests depends as much on the establishment and culture of seedlings and saplings as it does on the growth of the residual overstory trees. Since 1984 we have monitored the recruitment and development of new trees using several sampling designs, both in the forest as a whole, and in the canopy gaps. To date we have discovered that white pine, red maple, and red oak are all more abundant and taller in the canopy gaps than under the undisturbed canopy (control) adjacent to the gaps, considering both stump sprouts and seedlings.

Example of red oak (Quercus rubra) seedling severely browsed by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).

Red maple and white pine regeneration are both more abundant and taller than red oak. This difference appears to be due to deer preferentially browsing the red oak seedlings and sprouts. 1993 was a major seed year for red oak. Clark (1996) followed the fate of oak seedlings that germinated following the 1993 mast year and found that while new seedlings were abundant under mature oaks and at the base of slopes, few new seedlings occurred in the canopy gaps. Because the only way for acorns to get into gap areas would be through animal (e.g., blue jays and chipmunks) dispersal, it is assumed that these animals chose not to cache acorns in the relatively open environment of the gaps.

In contrast, oak seedlings that were established prior to the harvests appear to grow well in gaps, but only if they are not browsed by deer. Thus, oak mast years probably are important in establishing oak seedlings under the forest canopy, but for those seedlings to make it into the canopy, they must be released from competition and protected from deer.

Forest Canopy Gaps
Gap vegetation response

Much of our research at the Holt Research Forest focuses on vegetative and animal response to gaps–both natural and harvest–in the forest canopy. Response to gap size interests many natural resource professionals. Silviculture sometimes defines methods used to regenerate forests by the  size of the gap a harvest produces. Foresters debate the size and arrangement of gaps needed to regenerate a given tree species or to achieve a desired age/size distribution. Wildlife biologists debate gap design and how to manage for a particular wildlife species or to maintain species richness.

Canopy Gaps – 1989

After the selective harvest in winter 1987-88, we inventoried and mapped all harvest gaps, plus naturally occurring ledge gaps (caused by the absence of canopy trees due to extremely shallow soils or exposed bedrock) and tree gaps (caused by the natural loss of trees in the canopy). Tree gaps covered only 0.7% and ledge gaps only 3.2% of the uncut forest whereas the harvest-created gaps covered 26.5% of the partially cut forest.

After four growing seasons, the forest floor vegetation of the three types of gaps differed significantly with junipers dominating ledge gaps, ferns and tree seedlings dominating tree gaps, and tree seedlings, forbs, and slash (downed woody material left from timber harvest) dominating harvest-created gaps. See Kimball et. al. for more details.

Tree Regeneration

Several methods are used to assess tree regeneration at HRF. We have sampled regeneration at several plot sizes with different strategies and size classes.

200 m² and 4 m² plots located on quadrat centers. In 200 m² plots all trees (saplings) 1.5-9.5 cm DBH are counted by species, condition and 1 cm size class. In 4 (located N, E, S, W) 4 m² plots all trees (seedlings and saplings) <1.5 cm DBH are counted by size class. Size classes are <0.1m tall; 0.1 – 0.49m tall; 0.5 – 2m tall; and >2m tall & <1.5cm DBH.

25 m² plots are located in 1997 canopy gaps and under canopy in similar soil types at the location of 1m² relevé plots (see Schumann, et al., 2003). All trees were counted by species and size class which included 0.5 – 2m tall;  >2m tall & <1.5cm DBH; and one cm DBH classes from 1.5-9.5 cm. Additionally an assessment of damage is conducted, primarily focused on deer browsing but also insect damage such as white pine weevil.

S-10 plots are located in two west to east strips across the study area in the E and I blocks. Each strip is 10×600 m. Within this area all saplings (1.5-9.5 cm DBH) identified by species are measured and mapped to produce X,Y coordinates for each stem.

S-1 plots are the southernmost 1 m of the S-10 plots. The size classes measured are the same as 4 m² plots. Counts are completed each year in late July/early August at every 5th plot.

White pine (Pinus strobus) regeneration

Birds
Warblers

At the Holt Research Forest we censused birds year-round for many years and have been mapping bird territories during the breeding season since 1983. We have observed 124 species of birds, 35 of which breed here. In the forest ecosystem, birds are consumers of insects, distributors and predators of seeds, and sometimes are indicators of forest condition primarily reflecting the successional stage of the forest.

Wren

We are have studied the response of the bird community to the winter 1987-88 harvest, as well as long-term trends at the Holt Forest versus regional trends. Populations of some forest interior bird species (e.g., ovenbird, black-throated green warbler, eastern pewee) decreased in harvested areas but remained stable elsewhere. Early successional-stage species (e.g., common yellowthroat, white-throated sparrow) increased in harvested areas.

Five pairs of winter wrens, a species not previously observed at the Holt Forest, were a first-year post-harvest surprise. The wrens used the microhabitat created by slash and disappeared over several years as the slash decomposed.

Number of Territories by Year

While the overall impact of timber harvesting on the bird community needs more in-depth analysis, our preliminary analyses indicate that the harvest has not dramatically altered the structure of the bird community within the 40-hectare study area. We may have minimized the impacts on birds by dispersing discontinuous small harvest gaps in only a portion of the forest.

Salamanders

At population densities of roughly 10,000 per hectare (more than 4,000 per acre) the red-backed salamander is by far the most abundant vertebrate on the Holt Research Forest. Given their abundance, habitat (forest floor litter), and diet (litter invertebrates), it is likely that they play a large role in forest ecology. For example, redbacks slow the rate of litter decomposition by preying on the invertebrates that shred leaf litter.

From 1983 to 1986 we conducted surveys designed to estimate population densities of redbacks. In 1987 we switched methodology to obtain a population index. Interpreting these data is complicated because the number of salamanders detected is very sensitive to rainfall patterns: more salamanders are near the surface during usually wet months such as May and during wet years. Nevertheless, redbacked salamander populations are probably reduced in the harvested portion of the forest compared to the control side. This topic will require further research because it is possible, albeit unlikely, that redback counts on the harvested area are not diminished; they may merely be living deeper in the soil and thus are harder to detect.

Small Mammals
Red-backed vole

Small mammals are among the most abundant vertebrate inhabitants of the Holt Research Forest and have wide-ranging effects on forest ecology. For example, several species are important predators of tree seeds and gypsy moths. Small mammal populations are monitored by live-trapping twice per year: in April to observe a low point in their annual fluxes, and August to observe a high point. Captures and recaptures of over 15,000 small mammals during 20 years have revealed some interesting patterns.

Cycles

White-footed mice (P. leucopus) abundance compared to oak acorn crop size

The connection between mice and mast is undisputed based on numerous studies. For example at the Holt Forest, based on 10 years of data, there were significant positive correlations between fall acorn crop production and the number and weights of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) the following spring. Their propensity for storing acorns during acorn-rich falls is probably responsible for this pattern.

With 20 years of data, it was found that summer populations of white-footed mice went through 4 abundance cycles with a cycle period of 4.0 years. Abundance always increased after large acorn crops and a low phase in the abundance cycle. However, in in 1992, 1996, and 1998 (abundance decreased following high abundance phases despite large acorn crops (see bold arrows in figure above). The index of fluctuation indicated a stronger fluctuation in Holt Forest P. leucopus than in populations in Indiana, Virginia, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. This periodicity may be mediated through as-yet unidentified factors such as predation.

Red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi) abundance compared to white pine seed crops

Red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi) demonstrated a 3.6-year cycle. Abundance increased following three of four large white pine seed crops, leaving some doubt as to whether the white pine seed-vole connection was spurious or biologically meaningful. Regardless, cycling and density-dependence in Holt voles is consistent that found in vole populations in Scandinavia and elsewhere.

Habitat vs. Harvest

White-footed mouse cycles on the harvest and control sides of the forest corresponded closely across 18 years (1983-2000), but voles presented a different story. Harvest-side voles increased in the first year following harvest, then declined in the 2nd and 3rd years following harvest compared to control side voles. After five years, the harvest-side vole cycle again corresponded well with the control-side cycle. If cover is at issue, it is possible that voles found cover in first-year but not 2nd- and 3rd-year slash piles, then in subsequent years found cover in regeneration. We hope to test this hypothesis in the near future. The 1987-88 harvest coincided with a shift from predominantly northern flying squirrels on the study area to the southern flying squirrel. However, that this shift probably occurred because of regional population changes rather than changes to the forest structure.

White-footed mouse and Red-backed vole cycles on the harvest and control sides across 18 years (1983-2000)

Ancillary

Tree shelters for oak seedlings

White-tailed deer numbers appear to be on the rise on the Holt Research Forest. This could be due to a regional increase. Superimposed on this, we may have encouraged the entry of more deer into the Holt via the small harvest gaps created in 1987. Browsing is severe enough to suggest deer have had a negative impact on oak regeneration. In 2000, Al Kimball began comparing oak sapling growth between two treatments that might commonly be used by landowners to protect oak saplings from deer: (1) Bitrex (a bitter-tasting deer-repellent) and (2) tree shelters. Tree shelters provide physical protection from deer plus a micro-environment of warmth and carbon dioxide.

Research including investigators outside the faculty and students of the College of Forestry, Natural Sciences, and Agriculture at the University of Maine
  • Since 1992 we have sent ticks collected from Holt Forest small mammals to Dr. Peter Rand and Dr. Robert Smith, Jr. of the Maine Medical Center Lyme Disease Research Lab. They are researching the the role of hosts, climate, and habitat factors affecting tick distribution in Maine.
  • Dr. Joanne M. Sharpe began a long-term study of selected fern species on the Holt Research Forest in 1999. She is doing this in the context of a termperate/tropical comparison of long-term demographic and ecological trends in ferns. Her temperate sites are in Maine, and her tropical sites include the Luquillo Experimental Forest LTER and the Jobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, both in Puerto Rico.
  • In 1997 Genevieve Pullis and Kevin Boyle of the University of Maine Department of Resource Economics and Policy tested public perceptions of forest management activities at the Holt Research Forest. They found considerable differences among various segments of the public, but overall strong support for policies that balance timber harvesting and setting land aside from harvesting.
  • In 1990 Bill Ostrofsky of the Maine Cooperative Forestry Research Unit and Al Kimball determined that trees released by the winter 1987-88 harvest did not show increased vigor.
  • From 1993 through 1998, Nat Wheelwright of Bowdoin College assisted with a study of the reproductive effort of 15 species of herbs and shrubs.

Data

Data collected at the Holt Research Forest is publicly available via the Forest Ecosystem Monitoring Cooperative.

Explore data from the categories below and consider doing your own research!

Publications

Recent Publications

 Campbell, S.P., J.W. Witham, and M.L. Hunter, Jr. 2012. Long-term changes in spatial distribution of birds responding to a group-selection timber harvest. Wildlife Society Bulletin 36 (2):313–327.

Ogawa, R., A. Mortelliti, J. W. Witham, and M. L. Hunter Jr. 2017. Demographic mechanisms linking tree seeds and rodent population fluctuations: insights from a 33-year study. Journal of Mammalogy.

Wang, G., N. T. Hobbs, S. H. Slade, J. F. Merritt, M. Hunter, N. A. Vessey, J. Witham, and A. Guillaumet. 2013. Comparative population dynamics of large and small mammals in the Northern Hemisphere: deterministic and stochastic forces. Ecography 36: 439–446.

Wood, C. M., J. W. Witham, and M. L. Hunter Jr. 2016. Climate-driven range shifts are stochastic processes at a local level: two flying squirrel species in Maine. Ecosphere 7(2):e01240. 10.1002/ecs2.1240

Earlier Publications

Campbell, S.P., J.W. Witham, and M.L. Hunter, Jr. 2007. A long-term study on the effects of a selection timber harvest on a forest bird community in Maine. Conservation Biology 21 (5): 1218–1229.

Campbell, S.P., J.W. Witham, and M.L. Hunter, Jr. 2010. Stochasticity as an alternative to deterministic explanations for patterns of habitat use in birds. Ecological Monographs 80(2):287-302.

Elias, S. P., J. W. Witham, and M. L. Hunter, Jr. 2006. A cyclic red-backed vole (Clethrionomys gapperi) and seedfall over 22 years in Maine.  Journal of Mammalogy. 87: 440-445.

Elias, S. P., J. W. Witham, and M. L. Hunter. 2004. Peromyscus leucopus abundance and acorn mast: population fluctuations over 20 years.  Journal of Mammalogy. 85:743-747.

Kimball, A.J., J.W. Witham, J.L. Rudnicky, A.S. White, M.L. Hunter, Jr. 1995. Harvest_created and natural canopy gaps in an oak_pine forest in Maine.  Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 122: 115-123.

McKracken, K. E., J. W. Witham, and M. L. Hunter. 1999. Relationships between seed fall of 3 tree species and Peromyscus leucopus and Clethrionomys gapperi during 10 years in an oak-pine forest. Journal of Mammalogy 80:1288-1296.

Monti, L. M., M. L. Hunter, Jr. and J. W. Witham. 2000. An evaluation of the artificial cover object (ACO) method for monitoring populations of the Redback Salamander (Plethodon cinereus). Journal of Herpetology. 34(4):624-629.

Moore, E. H. and J. W. Witham. 1996. From forest to farm and back again: land use history as a dimension of ecological research in coastal Maine.  Environmental History 1(3):50-69.

Meyer, S. R., R. G. Wagner, J. Witham, S. Norton, I. Fernandez, B. Wiersma, E. Small, J. Wilson, and A. Kimball. 2006. Long-term Forest Ecosystem Studies of the Cooperative Forestry Research Unit and the University of Maine. Pages 83-93 In L. C. Irland, A. E. Camp, J. C. Brissette, and Z. R. Donohew (eds). Long-term silvicultural & ecological studies: results for science and management. Yale University, School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Global Institute of Sustainable Forestry Research Paper 005.

Plucinski, K. E. and M. L. Hunter, Jr. 2001. Spatial and temporal patterns of seed predation on three tree species in an oak-pine forest.  Ecography 24: 309–317.

Schumann, M. E., A. S. White, and J. W. Witham.  2003.  The effects of harvest-created gaps on plant species diversity, composition, and abundance in a Maine oak-pine forest. Forest Ecology and Management 176:543-561.

Small, M. F., and M. L. Hunter, Jr.  1988. Forest fragmentation and avian nest predation in forested landscapes. Oecologia 76 (1): 62-64.

Small, M. F., and M. L. Hunter, Jr.  1988.  Response of passerines to abrupt forest-river and forest-powerline edges in Maine. Wilson Bulletin 101:77-83.

Wang, G., J. O. Wolff, S. H. Vessey, N. A. Slade, J. W. Witham, J. F. Merritt, M. L. Hunter, Jr. and S. P. Elias. 2009. Comparative population dynamics of Peromyscus leucopus in North America: influences of climate, food, and density dependence. Population Ecology 51:133–142.

White, A. S., J. W. Witham, M. L. Hunter, Jr., and A. J. Kimball. 1999. Relationship between plant species richness and biomass in a coastal Maine Quercus-Pinus forest. Journal of Vegetation Science 10:755-762.

Whitman, A., M. L. Hunter, Jr., and J. W. Witham. 1998. Age distribution of ramets of a forest herb, Wild Sarsaparilla, Aralia nudicaulis (Araliaceae). Canadian Field-Naturalist 112: 37- 44.

Witham, Jack with Nancy Coverstone and Renae Moran. 2004. Wild Apple Trees for Wildlife. Bulletin #7126. Habitats A Fact Sheet Series on Managing Lands for Wildlife. University of Maine Cooperative Extension. 8 pp.  See UMCE website.

Witham, Jack with Nancy Coverstone and Lois Berg Stack. 2002. Understanding Ruby-throated Hummingbirds and Enhancing Their Habitat in Maine. Bulletin #7152. Habitats A Fact Sheet Series on Managing Lands for Wildlife. University of Maine Cooperative Extension. 12 pp.  See UMCE website.

Witham, J. W. 1999. Northern Redback salamander. Pp. 66-70 in M. L. Hunter, Jr., A. J.K. Calhoun, M. McCollough (eds.) Maine Amphibians and Reptiles. University of Maine Press. Orono. 254 pp.

Witham, J. W. , M. L. Hunter, Jr., H. C. Tedford III, A. J. Kimball, A. S. White, and S. P. Elias. 1999. A Long term Study of an Oak-Pine Forest Ecosystem: a brief overview of the Holt Research Forest. Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station Miscellaneous Publication 745. (Available as pdf)

Witham, J. W. and A. J. Kimball.  1996.  Use of a geographic information system to facilitate analysis of spot mapping data.  Journal of Field Ornithology 67(3):367-375.

Witham, J.W., E.H. Moore, M.L. Hunter, Jr., A.J. Kimball, and A.S. White.  1993. A Techniques Manual for the Holt Research Forest: A Long Term Study of an Oak_Pine Forest Ecosystem. Maine Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 153.  (Available as a pdf)

Witham, J. W. 1992. Redback salamander. Pp. 46_50 in M. L. Hunter, Jr., J. Albright and J. Arbuckle (eds.) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Maine. Maine Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 838.  174 pp.

Witham, J.W. and M.L. Hunter, Jr. 1992.  Population trends of neotropical landbird migrants in northern coastal New England. Pp. 85_95. J. Hagan and D. Johnston, editors. Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds.  Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.,  605 pp.

Dissertations
Master & Honor Theses

Schumann, M. E. 1999. The effects of harvest-created gaps on plant species diversity, composition, abundance, and growth in a Maine oak-pine forest. M.S. thesis, University of Maine, Orono. 179 pp.

Monti, L. M. 1997. Redback salamander habitat preferences in a Maine oak-pine forest. M. S. Thesis, University of Maine, Orono. 53 pp.

Clark, T. L. 1996. Stand development, growth patterns, and regeneration success of red oak in an oak-pine forest in southern Maine. M.S. thesis, University of Maine, Orono. 154 pp.

Gardiner. S. 1992. Effects of two soil types on ectomycorrhizal infection of white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings. Honors Thesis, University of Maine, 48 p.

Whitman, A. A. 1992. Frugivory and seed dispersal of fleshy-fruiting plants in a northern temperate forest. M. S. Thesis, University of Maine, Orono. 214 pp.

Crowley, S. 1990. Habitat scaling and niche displacement of juvenile by adult red_backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi). Honors Thesis, University of Maine.

Wood, M. L. 1987. The distribution of the salamander Plethodon cinereus relative to environmental characteristics in an oak_pine forest. Honors thesis, University of Maine.

Small, M. F. 1986. Response of songbirds and small mammals to powerline and river edges of Maine oak-pine forests. M. S. Thesis, University of Maine, Orono. 58 pp.

Use of Holt Research Forest Data

Boonstra, R. and C. J. Krebs. 2012. Population dynamics of red-backed voles (Myodes) in North America. Oecologia 168 (3): 601-620.

Haynes, K. J., A. M. Liebhold, T. M. Fearer, G. Wang, G. W. Norman, and D. M. Johnson. 2009. Spatial synchrony propagates through a forest food web via consumer–resource interactions. Ecology 90(11): 2974–2983.

Moore, J. D., & M. Ouellet. (2015). Questioning the use of an amphibian colour morph as an indicator of climate change. Global Change Biology 21(2): 566-571.

Use of Holt Research Forest Study Area

Lambert, A. M. and R. A.Casagrande. 2006. No Evidence of Fungal Endophytes in Native and Exotic Phragmites australis. Northeastern Naturalist 13(4):561–568.

Lambert, A. M. and R. A.Casagrande. 2007. Susceptibility of Native and Non-Native Common Reed to the Non-Native Mealy Plum Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in North America. Environmental Entomology 36(2):451-457.

Li, X., Boyle, K. J., Holmes, T. P., & LaRouche, G. P. (2014). The effect of on-site forest experience on stated preferences for low-impact timber harvesting programs. Journal of Forest Economics 20(4): 348-362.

Lucas, R. W. 2007. Peeking into the black box: The structure and function of soil microbial communities in response to increasing nitrogen availability.  PhD Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 147pp. Dissertations available from ProQuest. Paper AAI3271782. http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI3271782

Lucas, R.W. and B.B. Casper. 2008. Ectomycorrhizal Community and Ecosystem Functioning Following Simulated Atmospheric N Deposition. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40:1662-1669.

Pullis, G.  1998. Public perceptions of forest ecosystem attributes and economic values for small, private woodlots with and without alternative timber harvesting. M. S. Thesis, University of Maine, Orono. 138 pp

Species Lists

Mammals
Common NameScientific Name
Shrews and Moles: Insectivora
Masked ShrewSorex cinereus
Short-tailed ShrewBlarina brevicauda
Hairy-tailed MoleParascalops breweri
Star-nosed MoleCondylura cristata
Rodents: Rodentia
Eastern ChipmunkTamias striatus
WoodchuckMarmota monax
Gray SquirrelSciuris carolinensis
Red SquirrelTamiasciuris hudsonicus
Southern flying SquirrelGlaucomys volans
Northern flying SquirrelGlaucomys sabrinus
BeaverCastor canadensis
White-footed MousePeromyscus leucopus
Red-backed VoleClethrionomys gapperi
Meadow VoleMicrotus pennsylvanicus
MuskratOndatra zibethicus
Woodland jumping mouseNapaeozapus insignis
PorcupineErethizon dorsatum
Carnivores: Carnivora
CoyoteCanis latrans
Red FoxVulpes vulpes
RacoonProcyon lotor
FisherMartes pennanti
ErmineMustela erminea
Long-tailed WeaselMustela frenata
MinkMustela vison
Striped SkunkMephitis mephitis
River OtterLutra canadensis
Hoofed Mammals: Artiodactyla
White-tailed DeerOdocoileus virginianus
MooseAlces alces
Amphibians & Reptiles
Common NameScientific Name
TOADS AND FROGS: ANURA
American ToadAnaxyrus americanus
Gray TreefrogHyla versicolor
American BullfrogLithobates catesbeiana
Green FrogLithobates clamitans
Pickerel FrogLithobates palustris
Northern Leopard FrogLithobates pipiens
Wood FrogLithobates sylvatica
Spring PeeperPseudacris crucifer
SALAMANDERS: CAUDATA
Spotted SalamanderAmbystoma maculatum
Northern Two-lined SalamanderEurycea bislineata
Four-toed SalamanderHemidactylium scutatum
Red-spotted NewtNotophthalmus viridescens
Eastern Red-backed SalamanderPlethodon cinereus
SNAKES: SQUAMATA
Ringneck SnakeDiadophis punctatus
Eastern Milk SnakeLampropeltis triangulum
Smooth GreensnakeOpheodrys vernalis
Northern BrownsnakeStoreria dekayi
Redbellied SnakeStoreria occipitomaculata
Common GartersnakeThamnophis sirtalis
TURTLES: TESTUDINES
Snapping TurtleChelydra serpentina
Names based on the 2012 Checklist of the Standard English & Scientific Names of Amphibians & Reptiles published by the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.
Birds
Common NameScientific Name
ANATIDAE – Swans, Geese, and Ducks
Snow GooseChen caerulescens
Canada GooseBranta canadensis
Wood DuckAix sponsa
American Black Duck*Anas rubripes
Mallard*Anas platyrhynchos
CanvasbackAythya valisineria
BuffleheadBucephala albeola
Common GoldeneyeBucephala clangula
Hooded MerganserLophodytes cucullatus
Common MerganserMergus merganser
PHASIANIDAE – Pheasants, Grouse, & Turkey
Ruffed Grouse*Bonasa umbellus
Wild Turkey*Meleagris gallopavo
COLUMBIDAE – Pigeons and Doves
Mourning Dove*Zenaida macroura
CUCULIDAE – Cuckoos
Black-billed CuckooCoccyzus erthropthalmus
Yellow-billed CuckooCoccyzus americanus
CAPRIMULGIDAE – Nightjars
Common NighthawkChordeiles minor
Eastern Whip-poor-willAntrostomus vociferus
APODIDAE – Swifts
Chimney SwiftChaetura pelagica
TROCHILIDAE – Hummingbirds
Ruby-throated Hummingbird*Archilochus colubris
SCOLOPACIDAE – Sandpipers
Least SandpiperCalidrus minutilla
Semipalmated SandpiperCalidris pusilla
Wilson’s SnipeGallinago delicata
American Woodcock*Scolopax minor
Greater YellowlegsTringa melanoleuca
Lesser YellowlegsTringa flavipes
LARIDAE – Gulls, Terns, and Skimmers
Herring GullLarus argentatus
Great Black-backed GullLarus marinus
GAVIIDAE – Loons
Common LoonGavia immer
PHALACROCORACIDAE – Cormorants
Double-crested CormorantPhalacrocorax auritus
ARDEIDAE – Bitterns and Herons
Great Blue HeronAredea herodias
Snowy EgretEgretta thula
Green HeronButorides virescens
Black-crowned Night-heronNycticorax nycticorax
CATHARTIDAE – New World Vultures
Turkey VultureCathartes aura
PANDIONIDAE – Ospreys
OspreyPandion haliaetus
ACCIPITRIDAE – Kites, Eagles, and Hawks
Bald EagleHaliaeetus leucocephalus
Northern HarrierCircus cyaneus
Sharp-shinned HawkAccipiter striatus
Cooper’s HawkAccipiter cooperii
Northern Goshawk*Accipiter gentilis
Red-shouldered HawkButeo lineatus
Broad-winged Hawk*Buteo platypterus
Red-tailed HawkButeo jamaicensis
STRIGIDAE – Typical Owls
Great-horned Owl*Bubo virginianus
Barred Owl*Strix varia
Northern Saw-whet OwlAegolius acadicus
ALCEDINIDAE – Kingfishers
Belted KingfisherMegaceryle alcyon
PICIDAE – Woodpeckers
Red-bellied WoodpeckerMelanerpes carolinus
Yellow-bellied SapsuckerSphyrapicus varius
Downy Woodpecker*Picoides pubescens
Hairy Woodpecker*Picoides villosus
Northern FlickerColaptes auratus
Pileated Woodpecker*Dryocopus pileatus
TYRANNIDAE – Tyrant Flycatchers
Olive-sided FlycatcherContopus cooperi
Eastern Wood-Pewee*Contopus virens
Least FlycatcherEmpidonax minimus
Eastern Phoebe*Sayornis phoebe
Great Crested Flycatcher*Myiarchus crinitus
Eastern KingbirdTyrannus tyrannus
LANIIDAE – Shrikes
Northern ShrikeLanius excubitor
VIREONIDAE – Vireos
Blue-headed Vireo*Vireo solitarius
Red-eyed Vireo*Vireo olivaceus
CORVIDAE – Jays and Crows
Blue Jay*Cyanocitta cristata
American CrowCorvus brachyrhynchos
Common RavenCorvus corax
HIRUNDINIDAE – Swallows
Tree SwallowTachycineta bicolor
Barn SwallowHirundo rustica
PARIDAE – Chickadees and Titmice
Black-capped Chickadee*Poecile atricapillus
Tufted Titmouse*Baeolophus bicolor
SITTIDAE – Nuthatches
Red-breasted Nuthatch*Sitta canadensis
White-breasted Nuthatch*Sitta carolinensis
CERTHIIDAE – Creepers
Brown Creeper*Certhia americana
TROGLODYTIDAE – Wrens
House WrenTroglodytes aedon
Winter Wren*Troglodytes hiemalis
Marsh WrenCistothorus palustris
REGULIDAE – Kinglets
Golden-crowned Kinglet*Regulus satrapa
Ruby-crowned KingletRegulus calendula
TURDIDAE – Thrushes
Veery*Catharus fuscescens
Swainson’s ThrushCatharus ustulatus
Hermit Thrush*Catharus guttatus
American Robin*Turdus migratorius
MIMIDAE – Mockingbirds and Thrashers
Gray CatbirdDumetella carolinensis
STURNIDAE
European StarlingSturnus vulgaris
BOMBYCILLIDAE – Waxwings
Cedar Waxwing*Bombycilla cedrorum
FRINGILLIDAE – FRINGILLINE and CARDUELINE FINCHES
Purple Finch*Haemorhous purpureus
White-winged CrossbillLoxia leucoptera
Pine SiskinSpinus pinus
American Goldfinch*Carduelis tristis
Evening Grosbeak*Coccothraustes vespertinus
PARULIDAE – Wood Warblers
Ovenbird*Seiurus aurocapillus
Black-and-white Warbler*Mniotilta varia
Tennessee WarblerOreothlypis peregrina
Nashville Warbler*Oreothlypis ruficapilla
Mourning WarblerGeothlypis philadelphia
Common Yellowthroat*Geothlypis trichas
American RedstartSetophaga ruticilla
Cape May WarblerSetophaga tigrina
Northern Parula*Setophaga americana
Magnolia WarblerSetophaga magnolia
Bay-breasted WarblerSetophaga castanea
Blackburnian Warbler*Setophaga fusca
Chestnut-sided Warbler*Setophaga pensylvanica
Blackpoll WarblerSetophaga striata
Black-throated Blue Warbler*Setophaga caerulescens
Palm WarblerSetophaga palmarum
Pine Warbler*Setophaga pinus
Yellow-rumped Warbler*Setophaga coronata
Prairie WarblerSetophaga discolor
Black-throated Green Warbler*Setophaga virens
Canada Warbler*Cardellina canadensis
Wilson’s WarblerCardellina pusilla
Yellow-breasted ChatIcteria virens
EMBERIZIDAE – Towhees and Sparrows
Eastern TowheePipilo erythrophthalmus
American Tree SparrowSpizelloides arborea
Chipping Sparrow*Spizella passerina
Field SparrowSpizella pusilla
Nelson’s Sparrow*Ammodramus nelsoni
Fox SparrowPasserella iliaca
Song Sparrow*Melospiza melodia
Lincoln’s SparrowMelospiza lincolnii
Swamp SparrowMelospiza georgiana
White-throated Sparrow*Zonotrichia albicollis
White-crowned SparrowZonotrichia leucophrys
Dark-eyed Junco*Junco hyemalis
CARDINALIDAE – Tanagers, Cardinals, Grosbeaks, and Buntings
Scarlet Tanager*Piranga olivacea
Rose-breasted GrosbeakPheucticus ludovicianus
Indigo Bunting*Passerina cyanea
ICTERIDAE – Blackbirds and Orioles
Red-winged Blackbird*Agelaius phoeniceus
Common GrackleQuiscalus quiscula
Brown-headed Cowbird*Molothrus ater
Baltimore Oriole*Icterus galbula
This is a complete list of all species that have been seen or heard on or above or in waters adjacent to the Holt Forest. Family names are in capital letters as headers. Scientific names are italicized. An asterisk* following the common name indicates species found breeding at HRF. List updated to correspond with the Maine Bird Records Committee Checklist of Maine Birds updated 9 July 2016.

Vascular Plants
FamilySpecies* on study area
LycopodiaceaeDiphasiastrum complanatum (L.) Holub*
LycopodiaceaeHuperzia lucidula (Michx.) Trevisan*
LycopodiaceaeLycopodium annotinum L.*
LycopodiaceaeLycopodium clavatum L.*
LycopodiaceaeLycopodium obscurum L.*
EquisetaceaeEquisetum pratense Ehrh.*
EquisetaceaeEquisetum sylvaticum L.*
OsmundaceaeOsmunda cinnamomea L.*
OsmundaceaeOsmunda claytoniana L.*
OsmundaceaeOsmunda regalis L. v. spectabilis (Willd.) Gray*
DennstaedtiaceaeDennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) T. Moore*
DennstaedtiaceaePteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn v. latiusculum (Desv.) Heller*
ThelypteridaceaePhegopteris connectilis (Michx.) Watt*
ThelypteridaceaeThelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl.*
ThelypteridaceaeThelypteris palustris Schott v. pubescens (Lawson) Fern.*
AspleniaceaeAsplenium trichomanes L.*
DryopteridaceaeAthyrium filix-femina (L.) Mertens v. angustum (Willd.) Lawson*
DryopteridaceaeDryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs*
DryopteridaceaeDryopteris cristata (L.) Gray*
DryopteridaceaeDryopteris marginalis (L.) Gray*
DryopteridaceaeGymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman*
DryopteridaceaeOnoclea sensibilis L.*
DryopteridaceaePolystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott*
PinaceaeAbies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.*
PinaceaePicea rubens Sarg.*
PinaceaePinus resinosa Ait.*
PinaceaePinus rigida P. Mill.*
PinaceaePinus strobus L.*
PinaceaeTsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.*
CupressaceaeJuniperus communis L. v. depressa Pursh*
RanunculaceaeAnemone quinquefolia L.*
RanunculaceaeCoptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. ssp. groenlandica (Oeder) Hultn*
RanunculaceaeRanunculus acris L.*
RanunculaceaeThalictrum pubescens Pursh*
BerberidaceaeBerberis vulgaris L.*
PapaveraceaeCorydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers.*
HamamelidaceaeHamamelis virginiana L.*
MyricaceaeComptonia peregrina (L.) Coult.*
MyricaceaeMyrica gale L.
MyricaceaeMyrica pensylvanica Loisel.*
FagaceaeFagus grandifolia Ehrh.*
FagaceaeQuercus alba L.*
FagaceaeQuercus rubra L.*
BetulaceaeAlnus incana (L.) Moench ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen*
BetulaceaeAlnus serrulata (Ait.) Willd.
BetulaceaeBetula alleghaniensis Britt.*
BetulaceaeBetula papyrifera Marsh.*
BetulaceaeBetula populifolia Marsh.*
BetulaceaeCorylus cornuta Marsh.*
BetulaceaeOstrya virginiana (P. Mill.) K. Koch*
CaryophyllaceaeCerastium fontanum Baumg. ssp. vulgare (Hartman) Greuter & Burdet?
CaryophyllaceaeMoehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl
PolygonaceaePersicaria hydropiper (L.) Opiz
PolygonaceaePersicaria sagittata (L.) H. Gross*
PolygonaceaeRumex acetosella L.*
ClusiaceaeHypericum canadense L.
ClusiaceaeHypericum perforatum L.
ClusiaceaeTriadenum virginicum (L.) Raf.*
SarraceniaceaeSarracenia purpurea L.
CistaceaeLechea intermedia Britt.
ViolaceaeViola blanda Willd.
ViolaceaeViola blanda Willd. v. palustriformis Gray
ViolaceaeViola cucullata Ait.*
ViolaceaeViola lanceolata L.*
ViolaceaeViola macloskeyi Lloyd ssp. pallens (DC.) M.S. Baker*
ViolaceaeViola primulifolia L.*
ViolaceaeViola sagittata Ait. v. ovata (Nutt.) T. & G.
ViolaceaeViola sororia Willd.
ViolaceaeViola X bissellii House (cucullata X sororia)
SalicaceaePopulus grandidentata Michx.*
SalicaceaePopulus tremuloides Michx.*
BrassicaceaeCardamine parviflora L. v. arenicola (Britt.) O.E. Schulz*
EricaceaeChimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart. ssp. cisatlantica (Blake) Hultn
EricaceaeCorema conradii (Torr.) Loud.
EricaceaeEpigaea repens L.*
EricaceaeGaultheria procumbens L.*
EricaceaeGaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch*
EricaceaeKalmia angustifolia L.*
EricaceaeLyonia ligustrina (L.) DC.*
EricaceaeMoneses uniflora (L.) Gray*
EricaceaeMonotropa hypopithys L.*
EricaceaeMonotropa uniflora L.*
EricaceaePyrola americana Sweet
EricaceaePyrola elliptica Nutt.*
EricaceaeRhododendron canadense (L.) Torr.*
EricaceaeRhododendron groenlandicum (Oeder) Kron & Judd*
EricaceaeVaccinium angustifolium Ait.*
EricaceaeVaccinium corymbosum L.*
EricaceaeVaccinium myrtilloides Michx.
PrimulaceaeLysimachia quadrifolia L.*
PrimulaceaeLysimachia terrestris (L.) B.S.P.*
PrimulaceaeTrientalis borealis Raf.*
GrossulariaceaeRibes glandulosum Grauer*
GrossulariaceaeRibes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.*
RosaceaeAmelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik.*
RosaceaeAmelanchier nantucketensis Bickn.*
RosaceaeCrataegus macrosperma Ashe*
RosaceaeFragaria virginiana Duchesne*
RosaceaeGeum aleppicum Jacq.
RosaceaeMalus sylvestris P. Mill.*
RosaceaePhotinia melanocarpa (Michx.) Robertson & Phipps*
RosaceaePhotinia X floribunda (Lindl.) Robertson & Phipps*?
RosaceaePotentilla canadensis L.
RosaceaePotentilla simplex Michx.*
RosaceaePrunus pensylvanica L. f.
RosaceaePrunus serotina Ehrh.*
RosaceaePrunus virginiana L.*
RosaceaeRosa canina L.
RosaceaeRosa nitida Willd.
RosaceaeRosa virginiana P. Mill.*
RosaceaeRubus allegheniensis Porter*
RosaceaeRubus canadensis L.*?
RosaceaeRubus flagellaris Willd.*
RosaceaeRubus frondosus Bigelow*?
RosaceaeRubus hispidus L.*
RosaceaeRubus idaeus L.*
RosaceaeRubus occidentalis L.*
RosaceaeRubus pubescens Raf.*
RosaceaeSorbus americana Marsh.*?
RosaceaeSpiraea alba Du Roi v. latifolia (Ait.) Dippel*
RosaceaeSpiraea tomentosa L.
FabaceaeAmphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.*
FabaceaeTrifolium aureum Pollich
FabaceaeTrifolium pratense L.
FabaceaeVicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb.*
OnagraceaeCircaea alpina L.*
OnagraceaeEpilobium ciliatum Raf.*
OnagraceaeEpilobium coloratum Biehler
OnagraceaeOenothera biennis L.
CornaceaeCornus alternifolia L. f.*
CornaceaeCornus canadensis L.*
SantalaceaeComandra umbellata (L.) Nutt.*
AquifoliaceaeIlex verticillata (L.) Gray*
AquifoliaceaeNemopanthus mucronatus (L.) Loes.*
PolygalaceaePolygala paucifolia Willd.*
SapindaceaeAcer pensylvanicum L.*
SapindaceaeAcer rubrum L.*
SapindaceaeAcer saccharum Marsh.
AnacardiaceaeToxicodendron rydbergii (Rydb.) Greene*
OxalidaceaeOxalis stricta L.*
BalsaminaceaeImpatiens capensis Meerb.*
ApiaceaeAralia hispida Vent.
ApiaceaeAralia nudicaulis L.*
ApiaceaeHydrocotyle americana L.*
ApiaceaePanax trifolius L.*
GentianaceaeBartonia virginica (L.) B.S.P.*
ApocynaceaeApocynum androsaemifolium L.*
SolanaceaeSolanum dulcamara L.*
ConvolvulaceaeCalystegia sepium (L.) R. Br.?
LamiaceaeGaleopsis tetrahit L.*
LamiaceaeLeonurus cardiaca L.*
LamiaceaeLycopus uniflorus Michx.*
LamiaceaePrunella vulgaris L.*
LamiaceaeScutellaria lateriflora L.*
Callitrichaceae Callitriche palustris L.*
OleaceaeFraxinus americana L.*
ScrophulariaceaeChelone glabra L.*
ScrophulariaceaeMelampyrum lineare Desr.*
ScrophulariaceaeNuttallanthus canadensis (L.) D.A. Sutton
ScrophulariaceaeVerbascum thapsus L.*
ScrophulariaceaeVeronica officinalis L.*
ScrophulariaceaeVeronica serpyllifolia L.*
OrobanchaceaeOrobanche uniflora L.
CampanulaceaeLobelia inflata L.*
RubiaceaeGalium labradoricum (Wieg.) Wieg.
RubiaceaeGalium trifidum L.
RubiaceaeGalium triflorum Michx.
RubiaceaeHoustonia caerulea L.*
RubiaceaeMitchella repens L.*
CaprifoliaceaeDiervilla lonicera P. Mill.*
CaprifoliaceaeLinnaea borealis L. ssp. longiflora (Torr.) Hult_n*
CaprifoliaceaeLonicera canadensis Marsh.*
AdoxaceaeSambucus canadensis L.*
AdoxaceaeViburnum acerifolium L.*
AdoxaceaeViburnum dentatum L. v. lucidum Ait.*
AdoxaceaeViburnum nudum L. v. cassinoides (L.) Torr. & Gray*
AsteraceaeAchillea millefolium L.
AsteraceaeArctium minus Bernh.
AsteraceaeAster acuminatus Michx.*
AsteraceaeAster lateriflorus (L.) Britt*
AsteraceaeAster macrophyllus L.*
AsteraceaeAster umbellatus P. Mill.
AsteraceaeErigeron annuus (L.) Pers.
AsteraceaeEuthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt.*
AsteraceaeHieracium aurantiacum L.*
AsteraceaeHieracium caespitosum Dumort.*
AsteraceaeHieracium canadense Michx.
AsteraceaeHieracium paniculatum L.*
AsteraceaeHieracium pilosella L.
AsteraceaeHieracium scabrum Michx.
AsteraceaeIonactis linariifolius (L.) Greene
AsteraceaeLactuca biennis (Moench) Fern.
AsteraceaeLactuca canadensis L.
AsteraceaeLeontodon autumnalis L.
AsteraceaeLeucanthemum vulgare Lam.
AsteraceaePrenanthes altissima L.*
AsteraceaePrenanthes nana (Bigelow) Torr.*
AsteraceaeSolidago bicolor L.
AsteraceaeSolidago canadensis L.*
AsteraceaeSolidago juncea Ait.
AsteraceaeSolidago nemoralis Ait.
AsteraceaeSolidago puberula Nutt.*
AsteraceaeSolidago rugosa P. Mill.*
AraceaeArisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott*
AraceaeCalla palustris L.
JuncaceaeJuncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fern.*
JuncaceaeJuncus effusus L.*
JuncaceaeJuncus tenuis Willd.*
JuncaceaeLuzula acuminata Raf.*
JuncaceaeLuzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej.*
CyperaceaeCarex albicans Spreng.*
CyperaceaeCarex albicans Spreng v. emmonsii (Torr.) Rettig
CyperaceaeCarex bromoides Willd.*
CyperaceaeCarex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. ssp. sphaerostachya (Tuckerman) Kalela*
CyperaceaeCarex crinita Lam.*
CyperaceaeCarex disperma Dewey
CyperaceaeCarex echinata Murr.*
CyperaceaeCarex echinata Murr.*
CyperaceaeCarex folliculata L.*
CyperaceaeCarex gracillima Schwein.*
CyperaceaeCarex intumescens Rudge*
CyperaceaeCarex laxiculmis Schwein.*
CyperaceaeCarex laxiflora Lam.*
CyperaceaeCarex leptalea Wahlenb.*
CyperaceaeCarex lurida Wahlenb.*
CyperaceaeCarex pallescens L.*
CyperaceaeCarex projecta Mackenzie*
CyperaceaeCarex stipata Willd.*
CyperaceaeCarex trisperma Dewey*
CyperaceaeCarex umbellata Willd.
CyperaceaeCarex vulpinoidea Michx.*
CyperaceaeEleocharis acicularis (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes*
CyperaceaeEleocharis tenuis (Willd.) J.A. Schultes
CyperaceaeScirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth
CyperaceaeScirpus microcarpus J. & K. Presl
PoaceaeAnthoxanthum odoratum L.*
PoaceaeBrachyelytrum septentrionale (Babel) G. Tucker*
PoaceaeDactylis glomerata L.*
PoaceaeDanthonia spicata (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes*
PoaceaeDeschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin.*
PoaceaeGlyceria striata (Lam.) A.S. Hitchc.*
PoaceaeOryzopsis asperifolia Michx.*
PoaceaeOryzopsis pungens (Spreng.) A.S. Hitchc.*
PoaceaePhleum pratense L.*
SparganiaceaeSparganium eurycarpum Gray*
LiliaceaeClintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf.*
LiliaceaeLilium philadelphicum L.*
LiliaceaeMaianthemum canadense Desf.*
LiliaceaeMaianthemum racemosum (L.) Link*
LiliaceaeMaianthemum trifolium (L.) Sloboda
LiliaceaeMedeola virginiana L.*
LiliaceaePolygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh
LiliaceaeUvularia sessilifolia L.*
IridaceaeIris versicolor L.*
IridaceaeSisyrinchium montanum Greene v. crebrum Fern.
SmilacaceaeSmilax herbacea L.*
OrchidaceaeCorallorrhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf.*
OrchidaceaeCypripedium acaule Ait.*
OrchidaceaeGoodyera tesselata Lodd.*
OrchidaceaePlatanthera clavellata (Michx.) Luer*
OrchidaceaePlatanthera grandiflora (Bigelow) Lindl.*

Only scientific species names are provided. Plant list based on 1983 Revised Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Maine. Bulletin of the Josselyn Botanical Society Number 11.